B Pharma Pharmacy 1st Semester Syllabus

B Pharma Pharmacy 1st Semester Syllabus 

Syllabus

FIRST SEMESTER

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RPH-101

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I

(PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

An outline of methods of preparation, tests of identification and special tests (if any), of the individually

mentioned inorganic pharmaceuticals.

Unit I

Sources of impurities and their control.

Limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride and sulphate.

Pharmaceutically acceptable glass.

Gases and vapors: Inhalants (Oxygen), anesthetics (Nitrous oxide).

Unit II

Topical agents: Protectives (Calamine, Kaolin). Astringents (Zinc sulphate, Alums). Anti-infectives

(Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Povidone-Iodine, Silver nitrate).

Dental products: Dentifrices (Dicalcium Phosphate), anti-caries agents (Sodium fluoride).

Antioxidants : Sodium metabisulphite.

Unit III

Gastrointestinal agents: Antacids (Aluminium hydroxide, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium hydroxide,

Magnesium carbonate-light and heavy, Bismuth sub-carbonate), Combination antacids. Cathartics

(Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Magnesium sulphate). Protective and Adsorbents (Activated charcoal,

Aluminium sulphate).

Miscellaneous agents: Expectorants (Ammonium chloride, Potassium iodide). Respiratory stimulants

(Ammonium hydroxide).

Unit IV

Major intra and extracellular electrolytes: Physiological ions, electrolytes used for replacement

therapy (Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate, Magnesium chloride), Combination

therapy including ORS.

Essential and trace elements: Iron and haematinics (Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous gluconate, Ferric

ammonium citrate). Mineral supplements (Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, I). 

Unit V

Inorganic radiopharmaceuticals: Radioactivity, units of radioactivity and radiation dosimetry,

measurement of radioactivity, hazards and precautions in handling of radiopharmaceuticals, clinical

applications of radiopharmaceuticals.

Co-ordination compounds and complexation: Co-ordination theory, chelates and their pharmaceutical

importance, poison antidotes (Sodium thiosulphate). 

RPH-101P

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I

(PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY) 

PRACTICAL

1. To perform limit test of chloride, sulphate, iron and heavy metal arsenic in the given sample.

Identification tests for acidic and basic radicals.

2. Preparation of following compoundsBoric acid

Magnesium sulphate

Magnesium carbonate

Calcium carbonate

Alum

Zinc sulphate.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Pharmacopoeia of India, 1996 Edition, The Controller of Publications, Delhi.

2. Block J.H., Roche E., Soine, T. and Wilson, C., Inorganic, Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry,

Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

3. Atherden L.M., Bentley and Driver’s Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxford University

Press, London.

4. Miessler, G.L. and Tarr, D.A. Inorganic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson

Education), New Delhi.

5. Svehla, G. and Sivasankar, B. Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Dorling Kindersley (India)

Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), New Delhi.

6. Rao K.S. and Suresh, C.V. Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry, PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad.

7. Chenchu Lakshmi, N.V. Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Dorling

Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), New Delhi.

RPH-102/RPH-202

PHARMACEUTICS-I

(GENERAL PHARMACY)

Unit I

History of pharmacy and Pharmacopoeia: Origin and development of pharmacy, scope of pharmacy,

introduction to Pharmacopoeias- IP, BP, USP and International Pharmacopoeia. Introduction to

National Formularies and Extra Pharmacopoeia. An introduction to the contents of IP and parts of a

monograph.

Unit II

Prescription: Definition, types of prescription, handling of prescription, legality of prescription and

specific Latin terms used in modern day prescription (sos, od, bd, tid, qid).

Pharmaceutical additives: Coloring, flavoring and sweetening agents, co-solvents, preservatives and

their applications.

Unit III

Pharmaceutical calculations: Weights and measures, weighing of solids and measurement of liquids.

Posology: Introduction, calculation of doses for infants, enlarging and reducing recipes.

Percentage solutions, alligation method, alcohol dilution, proof spirit.

Unit IV

Introduction to Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Classification, formulation methods of powders,

mixtures, syrups and elixirs and their labeling requirements.

Definitions: Solutions, spirits, infusions, paints, aromatic waters, mouth washes, gargles, lotions,

liniments, pastes, ointments, creams, inhalations, tinctures, lozenges and pastilles.

Unit V

Size Reduction: Definition, principles, laws and mechanisms governing size reduction, factors affecting

size reduction. Study of ball mill and fluid energy mill. Introduction to sieving methods.

Mixing: Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.

RPH-102P/RPH-202P

PHARMACEUTICS-I (GENERAL PHARMACY)

PRACTICAL

1. Preparation of following classes of pharmaceutical dosage forms (involving the

use of calculations in metrology) as official in I.P., B.P., U.S.P-N.F.

a) Aromatic Waters i. Chloroform Water B.P.

ii. Concentrated Peppermint Water B.P.

iii. Strong Rose Water U.S.P.-N.F.

b) Mixtures i. Mixture of Precipitated Chalk B.P.

ii. Kaolin Mixture B.P.

c) Syrups i. Simple Syrup B.P./U.S.P./I.P.

ii. Ferrous Sulphate Syrup U.S.P.

d) Powders i. ORS Powder I.P.

ii. Absorbable Dusting Powder U.S.P.-N.F.

iii. Effervescent Compound Powder B.P.C.

2. Study of the role of pharmaceutical additives in formulations

a) Colouring agent: i. Compound Sodium Chloride Mouthwash B.P.

 ii. Phenol Gargle B.P.C.

b) Flavouring agent: i. Orange Tincture I.P.

 ii. Potassium Citrate Mixture B.P.

c) Sweetening agents: i. Simple Elixir I.P.

d) Cosolvents: i. Camphor Water I.P.

 ii. Compound Iodine Throat Paint I.P. (Mandl’s Paint)

e) Preservatives: i. Compound Zinc Sulphate Mouthwash B.P.C.

 ii. Calamine Lotion I.P.

f) Surfactants: i. Cresol with Soap Solution I.P.

 ii. Turpentine Liniment B.P.

3. Experiments to illustrate principles of size reduction using Ball Mill. Effect of size of balls,

 number of balls and time on the efficiency of ball mill.

4. Experiments to illustrate mixing efficiency.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Pharmacopoeia of India, The Controller of Publications, Delhi.

2. British Pharmacopoeia, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, University Press, Cambridge.

3. United States Pharmacopoeia (National Formulary).

4. Carter S.J., “Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers, Delhi.

5. Rawlins E.A., Bentley’s Text Book of Pharmaceutics, ELBS Bailliere Tindall.

6. Lachman L, Lieberman H.A and Kanig J.L., Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea

& Febiger, Philadelphia.

7. Cooper and Gunn’s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.

8. Aulton M.E, Text Book of Pharmaceutics, Vol., I & II. Churchill Livingstone, London.

9. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Vol. I & II. Mack Publishing Co.,

Pennsylvania.

10. Jain N.K., Modern Dispensing Pharmacy, 2nd Ed, PharmaMed Press/BPS Books,

Hyderabad. 

RPH-103

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- I

Unit I

Introduction to human body and organization of human body.

Functional and structural characteristics of cell.

Structural and functional characteristics of tissues- epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve.

Unit II

Skeletal system: Structure, composition and functions of skeleton. Classification of joints, types of

movements of joints.

Muscular system: Anatomy and physiology of skeletal and smooth muscle, energy metabolism, types

of muscle contraction, muscle tone.

Unit III

Sense organs: Basic anatomy and physiology of the eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell),

and skin (superficial receptors).

Unit IV

Communicable diseases: Brief outline, causative agents, modes of transmission and prevention

(chicken pox, measles, influenza, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, leprosy, poliomyelities, malaria,

rabies, dengue).

Unit V

Demography and family planning, medical termination of pregnancy.

First aid: Emergency treatment of shock, snake bites, burns, poisoning, fractures and resuscitation

methods

RPH-103P

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-I 

PRACTICAL

1. Study of types of microscopes, their parts and functions.

2. To draw and study the organization of human body.

3. To study the human skeletal system.

4. To study various types of joints.

5. To study different prepared slides- such as muscle, nerve cells, epithelial tissues, connective tissues

etc.

6. Examination of color vision and acuity of vision.

7. Identification of different tastes.

8. Examination of ear.

9. Techniques of tying of different types of bandages.

10. Study of emergency treatments in case of burns and poisoning.

11. To prepare and study different charts related to pathophysiology of communicable diseases.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Marieb E.N. Human Anatomy and Physiology, Benzamin Cummings (Pearson Education Inc.), San

Francisco.

2. Park K., Preventive and Social Medicine, Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers, Jabalpur.

3. Seeley R.R., Stephens T.D. and Tate P. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw-Hill, New

York.

4. Tortora G.J, and Anagnodokos NP Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Harper & Row

Publishers, New Delhi.

5. Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness, Churchill Livingstone, London.

6. Chatterjee C.C. Human Physiology, Medical Allied Agency, Calcutta.

7. Parmar N.S. Health Education and Community Pharmacy, CBS Publishers, Delhi.

8. Keele, C.A., Niel, E and Joels N, Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology, Oxford University Press,

New York.

9. Dandiya, P.C., Zafer, Z.Y.K., and Zafer, A. Health Education and Community Pharmacy, Vallabh

Prakashan, Delhi.

RPH-104/RPH204

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-I

Unit I

Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, preliminaries and definitions, precision and accuracy, types of

errors, methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards, different techniques of

analysis, Factors affecting the choice of analytical methods, significance of quantitative analysis in

quality control.

Unit II

Acid base titrations: Acid base concepts, role of solvent, relative strengths of acids and bases,

ionization, common-ion effect, pH, hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, buffer solution,

neutralization curves, acid base indicators, theory of indicators, choice of indicators, mixed indicators,

polyprotic system. Assay of boric acid as per I.P.

Unit III

Oxidation reduction titrations: Concepts of oxidation and reduction, equivalent weights of oxidizing

and reducing agents, theory of redox titrations-redox indicators, oxidation reduction curves. Titrations

involving ceric sulphate, potassium permanganate, iodimetry and iodometry. Assay of ascorbic acid

tablet as per I.P.

Unit IV

Complexometric titrations: Principle, complexing agents, indicators, masking and demasking, types

of complexometric titrations and applications. Assay of alum and determination of hardness of water.

Precipitation titrations: Precipitation reactions and techniques, solubility products, Mohr’s method,

Volhard’s method and Fajan’s method.

Unit V

Miscellaneous methods of analysis: Diazotization titrations, Karl-Fischer titration. Kjeldahl’s method

of nitrogen determination. Radioassays (Autoradiography, RIA). Assay of sodium iodide (131I) solution

as per I.P.

 RPH-104P/RPH-204

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-I 

PRACTICAL

1. Study of general glassware and apparatus required for various analytical procedures.

2. Study of various types of balances, standardization of analytical weights, weighing and calibration of

volumetric apparatus.

3. Preparation and standardization of acids and bases (Primary and secondary standards) as per I.P.

4. Assay procedure of various drugs using acid base titrations as per I.P.

5. Preparation and standardization of some redox titrants (potassium permanganate, potassium

dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate etc).

6. Assay procedure of various drugs using redox titrations as per I.P.

7. Preparation and standardization of EDTA as per I.P.

8. Assay of magnesium hydroxide and magnesium sulfate as per I.P.

9. Determination of hardness of water as per I.P.

10. Preparation and standardization of sodium nitrite as per I.P.

11. Assay of sulfa drugs using diazotization titration as per I.P.

12. Estimation of nitrogen in some organic compounds using Kjeldahl method.

13. Preparation and standardization of silver nitrate and ammonium thiocyanate as per I.P.

14. Titrations based on Mohr’s, Volhard's and Fajan’s methods.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Mendhanm J., Denny R.C., Barnes J.D., Thomas M, Jeffery G.H., Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative

Chemical Analysis, Pearson Education Asia.

2. Conners K.A., A Text book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Wiley Inter-science.

3. Beckett A.H., and Stenlake J.B., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II. Athlone Press,

University of London.

4. British Pharmacopoeia, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, University Press, Cambridge.

5. Alexeyev V. Quantitative Analysis. CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

6. The Pharmacopoeia of India, The Controller of Publications, Delhi.

RPH-105/RPH-205

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

Unit I

Definition and overview of computer, computer classification, computer organization, computer

code, input devices, output devices, storage devices. Computer software, types of software.

overview of computer networks, LAN, MAN, WAN. Internet, network topology. Internetworking:

Bridges, repeaters and routers.

Unit II

Introduction: Operating system and function, evolution of operating system, batch, interactive,

time sharing and real time system. Single user operating system and multi-user operating system.

Basics in MS-DOS, internal and external commands in MS-DOS.

Unit III

Introduction to MS-OFFICE-2007, word 2007 document creation, editing, formatting table

handling, mail merge. Excel-2007, editing, working retrieval, important functions, short cut keys

used in EXCEL.

Unit IV

MS-Power point 2007-Job Profile, elements of Power point , ways of delivering presentation,

concept of Four P’s (planning, preparation, practice and presentation) ways of handling

presentations, e.g. creating, saving slides show controls, adding formatting, animation and

multimedia effects.

Unit V

Computer applications in pharmaceutical and clinical studies, uses of internet in pharmaceutical

industry.

RPH-105/RPH-205

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

PRACTICAL

Software lab to be used for the following:-

1. Windows, Managing Windows, Working with Disk, Folders and files.

2. MS-Office 2003 (MS Word, MS Power point, MS Excel, MS Access).

3. Computer Operating System like DOS and Windows.

4. Internet Features (E-mail, Browser etc.).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Sinha R.K., Computer Fundamentals, BPB Publications, New Delhi.

2. Raja Raman V., Computer Programming in ‘C’, PHI Publication, New Delhi.

3. Hunt N and Shelley J., Computers and Common Sense, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.

4. Tiwari, N.K., Computer fundamentals with Pharmacy Applications, PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad.

5. Rao G.N., Biostatistics and Computer Applications, PharmaMed Press/ BSP Books, Hyderabad.

6. Mansfield R., Working in Microsoft Office, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New

Delhi.

7. Leon M. and Leon A., Fundamentals of Computer Science and Communication Engineering",

UBS Publishers Distributors Ltd, New Delhi.

8. Norton, P. Peter Norton's Introduction to Computers, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

Scheme of Evaluation (Choice Based Credit System) Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.) FIRST SEMESTER

B PHARMA PHARMACY 1ST SEMESTER EVALUATION SCHEME

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B Pharma Pharmacy 2nd Semester Syllabus

B Pharma Pharmacy 2nd Semester Syllabus

SEMESTER 2

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RPH-206/RPH-106

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II

(PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

Unit I

Introduction, classification and nomenclature of organic compounds.
Electron displacement in organic chemistry (inductive effect, resonance, hyperconjugation).
Stereochemistry including geometrical isomerism, optical isomerism, specification of configuration and
conformational analysis.

Unit II

Reaction intermediates (free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes).
Introduction to aliphatic hydrocarbons and some of their characteristic reactions with mechanisms such as;
alkanes (free radical substitution), alkenes and dienes (electrophilic and free radical additions), alkynes,
cycloalkanes (types of strain including Baeyer strain theory).

Unit III

Introduction to aliphatic organic compounds and some of their characteristic reactions with mechanisms
such as; alkyl halides and alcohols (nucleophilic substitution and nucleophilic elimination), amines,
aldehydes and ketones (nucleophilic addition), carboxylic acids and their derivatives (nucleophilic acyl
substitution).

Unit IV

Introduction to aromatic organic compounds, aromaticity, structure of benzene, electrophilic substitution,
orientation and reactivity in electrophilic aromatic substitution, nucleophilic substitution, arenes, phenols.
Polynuclear hydrocarbons (naphthalene).

Unit V

Introduction to synthetic organic chemistry: α, β- Unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Compounds
containing active methylene group (acetoacetic ester), organometallic compounds (Grignard's reagent),
aryl diazonium salts and their synthetic importance.
Name reactions (including reaction mechanisms) and synthetic applications: Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley
reduction, Hofmann rearrangement, Mannich reaction, Diels Alder reaction.

RPH-206P/RPH-106P

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-II(PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I) 

PRACTICAL

1. Identification of organic compounds (including elements and functional groups).
2. Synthesis of compounds involving acetylation, benzoylation, bromination, reduction and oxidation.
Picric acid.
Aniline.
Acetanilide.
Aspirin.
Hippuric acid.
p-Bromo acetanilide.
Iodoform.
Oxalic acid.
3. Purification of solvents like benzene, chloroform, acetone and preparation of absolute alcohol.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Morrison R.T., Boyd R.N. and Bhattacharjee, S.K. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education Ltd.), New Delhi.
2. Finar I.L. Organic Chemistry, Vol. I & II, Pearson Education Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Bruice P.Y. and Prasad, K. J. R. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
4. Sykes P., A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman Group Ltd, London.
5. Singh M.S. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions and Mechanisms, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd, New Delhi.
6. Jain M.K. Organic Chemistry, Sohan Lal Nagin Chand & Co, New Delhi.
7. Mann F.G, and Saunders, B.C., Practical Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education Ltd.), New Delhi.
8. Vogel A.I., Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson
Education Ltd.), New Delhi.

RPH-207

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III(PHARMACEUTICAL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)

Unit I

Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Atomic structure, atomic orbital, molecular orbital,
hybridization, covalent (sigma and pi) bond, electrovalent bond.
Chemical kinetics: Elementary idea of reaction kinetics-zero, first and second order reaction, complex
reactions. Characteristics of homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid-base and enzyme catalysis.

Unit II

Distribution law: Distribution law and application to solvent extraction.
Matter and its properties: Physical properties (surface tension, parachor, viscosity, rheochor, refractive
index, optical rotation, dipole moment). Liquid crystals, glassy state, crystalline and amorphous solids and
polymorphism.

Unit III

Thermodynamics: Fundamentals, first, second, third and zeroth law, Joule-Thompson’s effect, absolute
temperature scale, conversion of temperature between different scales.
Thermo chemistry: Definition and sign conventions. Heat of reaction: heat of formation, heat of
combustion, heat of neutralization, heat of solution, heat of phase changes. Bond enthalpies and Hess's law
of constant heat summation.

Unit IV

Electro-chemistry: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, electric conductance and its measurement, molar and
equivalent conductivity and its variation with dilution. Transport number and Kohlrausch law, degree of
ionization and Ostwald dilution law. Theory of strong electrolytes (Debye Huckle theory).

Unit V

Adsorption: Definition, types and mechanism of adsorption, pharmaceutical applications of adsorption.
Phase equilibria: Phase, component, degree of freedom, sublimation critical point, cooling curves, phase
rule. One and two component systems (e.g. water, KI-H2O).

RPH-207P

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III(PHARMACEUTICAL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)

PRACTICAL

1. Determination refractive index of given liquids.
2. Determination of specific rotation of sucrose at various concentrations and determination of the
intrinsic rotation.
3. Determination of rate constant of a simple reaction.
4. Determination of cell constant, verify Ostwald dilution law and perform conductometric titrations.
5. Determination of surface tension.
6. Determination of partition co-efficient.
7. Determination of viscosity.
8. Determine the parachor value.
9. Determine the rheochor value.
10. Determination of solubility.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Engel T., Reid P. Physical Chemistry, Pearson Education, London.
2. Tinoco I.J., Sauer K., Wang J.C. and Puglisi J.D. Physical Chemistry principles and applications in
biological sciences, Pearson Education, New Delhi.
3. Martin A., Bustamante P. and Chun A.H.C- Physical Pharmacy, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
4. Mark L. Introduction to Physical Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Levine Ira N. Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
6. Barrow G.M. Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
7. Atkins P. and Paula, J.D. Atkins Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
8. Bhasin S.K. Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry, Pearson Education, New Delhi.
9. Negi A.S. and Anand S.C. Textbook of Physical Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.

RPH-208

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-II

Unit I

Central nervous system: Anatomy of different parts of brain and spinal cord, reflex action,
electroencephalogram, specialized functions of the brain. Cranial nerves and their functions.

Unit II

Autonomic nervous system: Physiology of the autonomic nervous system. Neurotransmitters, mechanism
of neurohumoral transmission.

Unit III

Haemopoietic system: Composition and function of blood and its elements, erythropoiesis, blood groups,
blood coagulation, Anemia.
Lymphatic system: Composition, formation and circulation of lymph, lymph node and spleen, thymus and
pathophysiology of hypersensitivity and allergy.

Unit IV

Urinary system: Anatomy and physiology of urinary system, physiology of urine formation, acid-base
balance, pathophysiology of renal failure, glomerulonephiritis, urinary tract infection.

Unit-V

Digestive system: Parts of digestive system, their structure and functions. Various gastro-intestinal
secretions and their role.
Pathology of peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver,
pancreatitis. 

RPH-208P

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-II 

PRACTICAL

1. Microscopic study of different tissues.
2. Haematological experiments:
a) Estimation of haemoglobin in blood.
b) Determination of bleeding time, clotting time.
c) R.B.C. Count.
d) Total leucocyte count (TLC), Differential leukocyte count (D.L.C.)
e) E.S.R. and blood group.
3. Recording of body temperature, pulse rate and blood pressure.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Difore S.H., Atlas of Normal Histology, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
2. Tortora, G.J., Anagnodokos N.P., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Harper & Rave Publishers,
New Delhi.
3. Dipiro J.L., Pharmacotherapy- A Pathophysiological Approach, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
4. Seeley R.R., Stephens T.D. and Tate, P. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw-Hill, New
York.
5. Guyton A.C., Hall JE., Text book of Medical Physiology, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
6. Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness, Churchill Livingstone, London.
7. Chatterjee C.C. Human Physiology, Medical Allied Agency, Calcutta.
8. Zdanowicz, M. M. Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
9. Chaurasia B.D, Human Anatomy, Regional & Applied Part I, II & III, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi.
10. Sood, R. Medical Laboratory Technology: Methods and Interpretation, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi.

RPH-209/RPH-109

PHARMACOGNOSY– I

Unit I

Definition history, scope and development of pharmacognosy.
Source of drug: Biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue culture as source of drugs.
Classification of drugs: Morphological, taxonomical, chemical and pharmacological, chemotaxonomy.

Unit II

Plant Description: Morphology and anatomy of leaves, woods, barks, inflorescences and flowers, fruits
and seeds.

Unit III

Propagation, cultivation, collection, processing and storage of crude drugs:
a. Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, type of soils and fertilizers of common use.
b. Pest management and natural pest control agents.
c. Plant hormones and their applications.
d. Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.
e. Poly Houses/ Green houses for cultivation.

Unit IV

Quality control of crude drugs: Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic,
microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods of evaluation (including quantitative microscopy).

Unit V

Systematic pharmacognostic study of following:
Carbohydrates and derived products: Agar, Acacia, Honey, Isabgol, Starch, Tragacanth.
Lipids: Beeswax, Castor oil, Coca butter, Kokum butter, Hydnocarpus oil, Cod liver oil, Linseed oil, Wool
fat, Rice-bran oil. 

RPH-209/RPH-109P

PHARMACOGNOSY-I

PRACTICAL

1. Morphological characteristics of plant parts mentioned in theory.
2. Microscopical measurements of cell and cell contents-starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals and
phloem fibres.
3. Determination of leaf constants such as stomatal index, stomatal numbers, vein islet numbers, vein
termination number and palisade ratio.
4. Identification of crude drugs belonging to carbohydrates and lipids.
5. Preparation of herbarium sheets.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Pharmacopoeia of India, 2010 Edition, The Controller of publications, Vol. III, Delhi.
2. Trease G.E. and Evans W.C., Pharmacognosy, Bailleire Tindall, East Bourne.
3. Wallis T.E., Text book of Pharmacognosy, J & A Churchill, Ltd, London.
4. Wallis T.E., Analytical Microscopy, J & A Churchill Limited, London.
5. Brain K.R. and Turner T D. The Practical Evaluation of Phytopharmaceuticals, Wright-Scientechnica,
Bristol.
6. Dutta A.C, Botany, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
7. Schewer P.J., Marine Natural Products, Academic Press, London.
8. Wallis T.E. Practical Pharmacognosy, PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad.
9. Kokate C.K. Practical Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.

RPH-210/RPH-110

PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS

Unit I

Determinants, properties of determinants, solution of simultaneous equations by Cramer’s rule. Matrices,
properties of matrices, solution of simultaneous equations by matrices. Pharmaceutical applications of
determinants and matrices.

Unit II

Limit of functions, differentiation of logarithmic, trigonometric and exponential function (not proof), chain
rule, integration as reverse of differentiation, method of substitution, integration by parts.

Unit III

Methods of collection of data, diagrammatic representation of data (Pie, Histogram, Bar diagram), types of
sampling; mean, median, mode and standard deviation.

Unit IV

Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, regression, method of least square of straight line, t-test, χ² test,
F-test.

Unit V

Probability: Simple probability, addition and multiplication of probabilities, binomial, Poisson’s and
normal distributions.

RPH-210P/RPH-110P

PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS PROJECT

1. Collection of data by survey methods.
2. Classification and tabulation of data.
3. Frequency distribution table for collected data (discrete and continuous).
4. Calculation of mean, median, mode, standard deviation and coefficient of variation for collected data.
5. Graphical representation of frequency distribution of collected data (histogram, frequency polygram,
frequency curve and ogive curve).
6. Chi-square testing for data analysis.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Blair R.C., Taylor, R.A. Biostatistics for the Health Sciences, Dorling Kindersley India Pvt., Ltd.
2. Gupta S.P. Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
3. Khan I.A. and Khanum, A. Biostatistics for Pharmacy, Ukaaz Publications, Hyderabad.
4. Prasad G. Textbook of Differential Calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd, Allahabad.
5. Prasad G. Textbook of Integral Calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd, Allahabad.
6. A Textbook of Mathematics for XI-XII Students, Vol. I-IV, NCERT Publications, New Delhi.

Scheme of Evaluation (Choice Based Credit System) Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.) SECOND SEMESTER

B PHARMA PHARMACY 2ND SEMESTER EVALUATION SCHEME

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B Pharma Pharmacy 3rd Semester Syllabus

Pharma Pharmacy 3rd Semester Syllabus

SEMESTER 2

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BP301T. 

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –II (Theory)

45 Hours

Scope: This subject deals with general methods of preparation and reactions of some

organic compounds. Reactivity of organic compounds are also studied here. The syllabus

emphasizes on mechanisms and orientation of reactions. Chemistry of fats and oils are

also included in the syllabus.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to

1. Write the structure, name and the type of isomerism of the organic compound

2. Write the reaction, name the reaction and orientation of reactions

3. Account for reactivity/stability of compounds,

4. Prepare organic compounds.

Course Content:

General methods of preparation and reactions of compounds superscripted with asterisk (*)

to be explained.

To emphasize on definition, types, classification, principles/mechanisms, applications,

examples and differences

Unit I 10 Hours

 Benzene and its derivatives

A. Analytical, synthetic and other evidences in the derivation of structure of benzene,

Orbital picture, resonance in benzene, aromatic characters, Huckel’s rule

B. Reactions of benzene - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity,

Friedelcrafts alkylation-reactivity, limitations, Friedelcrafts acylation.

C. Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono

substituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction.

D. Structure and uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine.

Unit II 10 Hours

 Phenols* - Acidity of phenols, effect of substituents on acidity, qualitative tests,

Structure and uses of phenol, cresols, resorcinol, naphthols

 Aromatic Amines* - Basicity of amines, effect of substituents on basicity, and

synthetic uses of aryl diazonium salts

 Aromatic Acids*– Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity and important reactions

of benzoic acid.

Unit III 10 Hours

 Fats and oils

a. Fatty acids – reactions.

44

b. Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Saponification and Rancidity of oils, Drying oils.

c. Analytical constants– Acid value, Saponification value, Ester value, Iodine value,

Acetyl value, Reichert Meissl (RM) value– significance and principle involved in their

determination.

Unit IV 08 Hours

 Polynuclear hydrocarbons:

a. Synthesis, reactions

b. Structure and medicinal uses of Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene,

Diphenylmethane, Triphenylmethane and their derivatives.

Unit V 07 Hours

 Cycloalkanes*

Stabilities – Baeyer’s strain theory, limitation of Baeyer’s strain theory, Coulson and

Moffitt’s modification, Sachse Mohr’s theory (Theory of strainless rings), reactions of

cyclopropane and cyclobutane only.

45

BP305P 

.PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -II (Practical)

4 Hrs/week

I Experiments involving laboratory techniques

 Recrystallization

 Steam distillation

II Determination of following oil values (including standardization of reagents)

 Acid value

 Saponification value

 Iodine value

III Preparation of compounds

 Benzanilide/Phenyl benzoate/Acetanilide from Aniline/ Phenol

/Aniline by acylation reaction.

 2,4,6-Tribromo aniline/Para bromo acetanilide from Aniline/

 Acetanilide by halogenation (Bromination) reaction.

 5-Nitro salicylic acid/Meta di nitro benzene from Salicylic acid /

Nitro benzene by nitration reaction.

 Benzoic acid from Benzyl chloride by oxidation reaction.

 Benzoic acid/ Salicylic acid from alkyl benzoate/ alkyl salicylate by

hydrolysis reaction.

 1-Phenyl azo-2-napthol from Aniline by diazotization and coupling

reactions.

 Benzil from Benzoin by oxidation reaction.

 Dibenzal acetone from Benzaldehyde byClaison Schmidt reaction

 Cinnammic acid from Benzaldehyde by Perkin reaction

 P-Iodo benzoic acid from P-amino benzoic acid

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison R.T., Boyd R.N. and Bhattacharjee, S.K. Dorling

Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education Ltd.), New Delhi

2. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar , Volume-I, Pearson Education Ltd, New Delhi.

3. Textbook of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl & Arun Bahl.

4. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.

5. Vogel’s Text book of Practical Organic Chemistry

6. Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry by N.K.Vishnoi.

7. Introduction to Organic LaboratoryTechniques by Pavia, Lampman and Kriz.

8. Reaction and Reaction Mechanism by Ahluwaliah/Chatwal.

9. A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry- by Sykes P., Longman Group Ltd,

London.

10. Organic Chemistry- by Jain M.K., Sohan Lal Nagin Chand & Co, New Delhi.

11. Organic Chemistry by P.L.Soni.

12. Advanced Practical organic chemistry by N.K.Vishnoi.

46

BP302T. 

PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I(Theory)

45Hours

Scope: The course deals with the various physica and physicochemical properties, and

principles involved in dosage forms/formulations. Theory and practical

components of the subject help the student to get a better insight into various

areas of formulation research and development, and stability studies of

pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to

1. Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the

designing the dosage forms.

2. Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing and

determination of expiry date of formulations.

3. Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in the formulation.

development and evaluation of dosage forms.

Course Content:

Unit I 10 Hours

Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions,

ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors

influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility

of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)

Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature and

applications. Distribution law, its limitations and applications.

Unit II 10 Hours

States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter,

latent heats, vapor pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols

– inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solidcrystalline, amorphous & polymorphism.

Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation,

dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications.

Unit III 08 Hours

Surface and interfacial phenomenon: Liquid interface, surface & interfacial tensions,

surface free energy, measurement of surface & interfacial tensions, spreading

coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB Scale,

solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid interface.

47

Unit IV 08Hours

Complexation and protein binding: Introduction, Classification of Complexation,

Applications, methods of analysis, protein binding, Complexation and drug action,

crystalline structures of complexes and thermodynamic treatment of stability constants.

Unit V 07 Hours

pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions: Sorensen’s pH scale, pH

determination (electrometric and calorimetric), applications of buffers, buffer equation,

buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems, buffered isotonic

solutions.

48

BP306P. 

PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS – I (Practical)

1. Determination the solubility of drug at room temperature.

4 Hrs/week

 2. Determination of pKa value by Half Neutralization/ Henderson Hasselbalch equation.

3. Determination of Partition co- efficient of benzoic acid in benzene and water.

4. Determination of Partition co- efficient of Iodine in CCl4 and water.

5. Determination of % composition of NaCl in a solution using phenol-water system by

CST method.

6. Determination of surface tension of given liquids by drop count and drop weight

method.

7. Determination of HLB number of a surfactant by saponification method.

8. Determination of Freundlich and Langmuir constants using activated char coal.

9. Determination of critical micellar concentration of surfactants.

10. Determination of stability constant and donor acceptor ratio of PABA-Caffeine

complex by solubilitymethod.

11. Determination of stability constant and donor acceptor ratio of Cupric-Glycine

complex by pH titration method.

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)

1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin.

2. Experimental Pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.

3. Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.

4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical Calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to

3, MarcelDekkar Inc.

6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical Dosage forms. Disperse systems,

volume 1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.

7. Physical Pharmaceutics by RamasamyC and ManavalanR.

8. LaboratoryManual of Physical Pharmaceutics, C.V.S. Subramanyam, J.

Thimma settee.

9. Physical Pharmaceutics by C.V.S. Subramanyam.

10. Test book of Physical Phramacy, by Gaurav Jain & Roop K. Khar.

11. Physical Pharmaceutics- by Shotten E & Ridgeway K, Oxford University Press,

London.

3. Essentials of Physical Pharmacy- by D.V. Derle.

4. Modern Pharmaceutics, Banker and Rhodes.

5. Pharmaceutics- by Aulton, M.E, The Design and Manufacture Of Medicines,

Churchill Livingstone.

6. Hajare, A. Physical Pharmacy, New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata.

49

BP 303 T. 

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory)

Scope:

45 Hours

Study of all categories of microorganisims especially for the production of alcohol

antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins enzymes etc.

Objectives: Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to;

1. Understand methods of identification, cultivation and preservation of

various microorganisms

2. To understand the importance and implementation of sterlization in

pharmaceutical processing and industry

3. Learn sterility testing of pharmaceutical products.

4. Carried out microbiological standardization of Pharmaceuticals.

5. Understand the cell culture technology and its applications in pharmaceutical

industries.

Course content:

Unit I 10 Hours

Introduction, history of microbiology, its branches, scope and its importance.

Introduction to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Study of ultra-structure and morphological classification of bacteria, nutritional

requirements, raw materials used for culture media and physical parameters for growth,

growth curve, isolation and preservation methods for pure cultures, cultivation of

anaerobes, quantitative measurement of bacterial growth (total & viable count).

Study of different types of phase contrast microscopy, dark field microscopy

and electron microscopy.

Unit II 10 Hours

Identification of bacteria using staining techniques (simple, Gram’s &Acid fast staining)

and biochemical tests (IMViC).

Study of principle, procedure, merits, demerits and applications of physical, chemical

gaseous, radiation and mechanical method of sterilization.

Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods.

Equipments employed in large scale sterilization. Sterility indicators.

50

 Unit III 10 Hours

Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of

Fungi and Viruses.

Classification and mode of action of disinfectants

Factors influencing disinfection, antiseptics and their evaluation.

For bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions.

Evaluation of bactericidal & Bacteriostatic.

Sterility testing of products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products)

according to IP, BP and USP.

Unit IV 08 Hours

Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipments; study of different sources of

contamination in an aseptic area and methods of prevention, clean area classification.

Principles and methods of different microbiological assay. Methods for

standardization of antibiotics, vitamins and amino acids.

Assessment of a new antibiotic.

Unit V 07Hours

Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical

products, sources and types of microbial contaminants, assessment of microbial

contamination and spoilage.

Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents, evaluation of

microbial stability of formulations.

Growth of animal cells in culture, general procedure for cell culture, Primary,

established and transformed cell cultures.

Application of cell cultures in pharmaceutical industry and research.

51

BP 307P.

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Practical)

4 Hrs/week

1. Introduction and study of different equipments and processing, e.g., B.O.D. incubator,

laminar flow, aseptic hood, autoclave, hot air sterilizer, deep freezer, refrigerator,

microscopes used in experimental microbiology.

2. Sterilization of glassware, preparation and sterilization of media.

3. Sub culturing of bacteria and fungus. Nutrient stabs and slants preparations.

4. Staining methods- Simple, Grams staining and acid fast staining (Demonstration with

practical).

5. Isolation of pure culture of micro-organisms by multiple streak plate technique and other

techniques.

6. Microbiological assay of antibiotics by cup plate method and other methods

7. Motility determination by Hanging drop method.

8. Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals.

9. Bacteriological analysis of water

10. Biochemical test.

Recommended Books (Latest edition)

1. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific

Publications, Oxford London.

2. Prescott and Dunn., Industrial Microbiology, 4

th

edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors,

Delhi.

3. Pelczar, Chan Kreig, Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill edn.

4. Malcolm Harris, Balliere Tindall and Cox: Pharmaceutical Microbiology.

5. Rose: Industrial Microbiology.

6. Probisher, Hinsdill et al: Fundamentals of Microbiology, 9th ed. Japan

7. Cooper and Gunn’s: Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publisher and Distribution.

8. Peppler: Microbial Technology.

9. I.P., B.P., U.S.P.- latest editions.

10. Ananthnarayan : Text Book of Microbiology, Orient-Longman, Chennai

11. Edward: Fundamentals of Microbiology.

12. N.K.Jain: Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi

13. Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins- A Waverly company.

14. Sykes G., Disinfection and Sterilization: Theory and Practice, General and Industrial

Chemistry Seris, Spon.

15. Hugo and Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Scientific Publication,

Oxford.

16. Stanier R.Y., Ingraham, J.L., Wheelis M.L., Painter P.R. General Microbiology,

Macmillan Press Limited.

52

BP 304 T.

PHARMACEUTICALENGINEERING (Theory)

45 Hours

Scope: This course is designed to impart a fundamental knowledge on the art and science

of various unit operations used in pharmaceutical industry.

Objectives: Upon completion of the course student shall be able:

1. To know various unit operations used in Pharmaceutical industries.

2. To understand the material handling techniques.

3. To perform various processes involved in pharmaceutical manufacturing process.

4. To carry out various test to prevent environmental pollution.

5. To appreciate and comprehend significance of plant lay out design for optimum

use of resources.

6. To appreciate the various preventive methods used for corrosion control in

Pharmaceutical industries.

Course content:

Unit I 10 Hours

 Flow of fluids: Types of manometers, Reynolds number and its significance,

Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Orifice meter,

Venturimeter, Pitot tube and Rotometer.

 Size Reduction: Objectives, Mechanisms & Laws governing size reduction,

factors affecting size reduction, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and

demerits of Hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill, Edge runner mill & end

runner mill.

 Size Separation: Objectives, applications & mechanism of size separation,

official standards of powders, sieves, size separation Principles, construction,

working, uses, merits and demerits of Sieve shaker, cyclone separator, Air

separator, Bag filter & elutriation tank.

Unit II 10 Hours

 Heat Transfer: Objectives, applications & Heat transfer mechanisms. Fourier’s

law, Heat transfer by conduction, convection & radiation. Heat interchangers &

heat exchangers.

53

 Evaporation: Objectives, applications and factors influencing evaporation,

differences between evaporation and other heat process. principles, construction,

working, uses, merits and demerits of Steam jacketed kettle, horizontal tube

evaporator, climbing film evaporator, forced circulation evaporator, multiple

effect evaporator& Economy of multiple effect evaporator.

 Distillation: Basic Principles and methodology of simple distillation,flash

distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam

distillation & molecular distillation

Unit III 08 Hours

 Drying: Objectives, applications & mechanism of drying process, measurements

& applications of Equilibrium Moisture content, rate of drying curve. principles,

construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Tray dryer, drum dryer spray

dryer, fluidized bed dryer, vacuum dryer, freeze dryer.

 Mixing: Objectives, applications & factors affecting mixing, Difference between

solid and liquid mixing, mechanism of solid mixing, liquids mixing and

semisolids mixing. Principles, Construction, Working, uses, Merits and Demerits

of Double cone blender, twin shell blender, ribbon blender, Sigma blade mixer,

planetarymixers, Propellers, Turbines, Paddles & Silverson Emulsifier,

Unit IV 08 Hours

 Filtration: Objectives, applications, Theories & Factors influencing filtration,

filter aids, filter medias. Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and

demerits of plate & frame filter, filter leaf, rotary drum filter, Meta filter &

Cartridge filter, membrane filters and Seidtz filter.

 Centrifugation: Objectives, principle & applications of Centrifugation,

principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Perforated basket

centrifuge, Non-perforated basket centrifuge, semi continuous centrifuge & super

centrifuge.

Unit V 07 Hours

 Materials of pharmaceutical plant construction, Corrosion and its

prevention: Factors affecting during materials selected for Pharmaceutical plant

construction, Theories of corrosion, types of corrosion and there prevention.

Ferrous and nonferrous metals, inorganic and organic non metals, basic of

material handling systems.

54

 Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)

 1. Introduction to chemical engineering – Walter L Badger & Julius Banchero,

Latest edition.

 2. Solid phase extraction, principles, techniques and applications by Nigel J.K.

Simpson- Latest edition.

 3. Unit operation of chemical engineering – Mcabe Smith, Latest edition.

 4. Pharmaceutical engineering principles and practices – C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al.,

Latest edition.

5. Remington practice of pharmacy- Martin, Latest edition.

6. Theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachmann., Latest edition.

7. Physical pharmaceutics- C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.

8. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial pharmacy, S.J. Carter, Latest edition.

55

BP308P - 

PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING(Practical)

4 Hours/week

I. Determination of radiation constant of brass, iron, unpainted and painted glass.

II. Steam distillation – To calculate the efficiency of steam distillation.

III. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient by heat exchanger.

IV. Construction of drying curves (for calcium carbonate and starch).

V. Determination of moisture content and loss on drying.

VI. Determination of humidity of air – i) From wet and dry bulb temperatures –use of

Dew point method.

VII. Description of Construction working and application of Pharmaceutical

Machinery such as rotary tablet machine, fluidized bed coater, fluid energy mill,

de humidifier.

VIII. Size analysis by sieving – To evaluate size distribution of tablet granulations –

Construction of various size frequency curves including arithmetic

andlogarithmic probability plots.

IX. Size reduction: To verify the laws of size reduction using ball mill and

determining Kicks, Rittinger’s, Bond’s coefficients, power requirement and critical

speed of Ball Mill.

X. Demonstration of colloid mill, planetary mixer, fluidized bed dryer, freeze dryer

and such othermajor equipment.

XI. Factors affecting Rate of Filtration and Evaporation (Surface area, Concentration

and Thickness/ viscosity

XII. To study the effect of time on the Rate of Crystallization.

 XIII. To calculate the uniformity Index for given sample by using Double Cone

Blender.

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B Pharma Pharmacy 4th Semester Syllabus

B Pharma Pharmacy 4th Semester Syllabus

SEMESTER 4

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD B.PHARMA 2nd YEAR SYLLABUS 

BP401T. 

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –III (Theory)

45 Hours
Scope: This subject imparts knowledge on stereo-chemical aspects of organic compounds
and organic reactions, important named reactions, chemistry of important hetero cyclic
compounds. It also emphasizes on medicinal and other uses of organic compounds.
Objectives: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to
1. Understand the methods of preparation and properties of organic compounds.
2. Explain the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and stereo chemical
reactions.
3. Know the medicinal uses and other applications of organic compounds.
Course Content:
Note: To emphasize on definition, types, mechanisms, examples, uses/applications

Unit I 10 Hours

Stereo isomerism
Optical isomerism– Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds.
Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules.
DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of
nomenclature of optical isomers.
Reactions of chiral molecules.
Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture.
Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute.

Unit II 10 Hours

Geometrical isomerism- Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis-Trans, E-Z, Syn-Anti
systems). Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers.
Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane.
Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical
activity.
Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions

Unit III 10 Hours

Heterocyclic compounds:
Nomenclature and classification
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives
Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene
Relative aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene.
57

Unit IV 8 Hours

Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives.
Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole.
Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of Pyridine.
Synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, Azepines and their derivatives.

Unit V 07 Hours

Reactions of synthetic importance
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch
reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction.
Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction.
Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement.
Claisen-Schmidt condensation.

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Organic Chemistry- by Morrison R.T. and Boyd R.N., Bhattacharjee S.K., 7
th
Edition,
Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
2. Organic Chemistry- by Finar I.L., 6
th Edition, Vol.-I, Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt. Ltd (Pearson Education).
3. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds- by Acheson R.M.,,
3
rd Edition, Wiley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
4. Heterocyclic Chemistry- by Gilchrist T.L., Pearson Education (Singapore) Ltd.
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry- by Bansal R.K., New Age International Publishers.
6. A Textbook of Organic Chemistry- by Jain M.K. and Sharma S.C., Shoban Lal
and Co. Educational Publishers.
7. Advanced General Organic Chemistry- A Modern Approach- by Ghosh S. K., Part-I
& II, 3
rd Edition, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
 8. Organic Chemistry- by Bruice P.Y., 3
rd Edition, Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
9. The Chemistry of Organic Medicinal Products- by Jenkins G.L., Hartung W.H.,
Hamlin K.E. and Data J.B., 4
th
Edition, Pharma Med Press, Hyderabad.

BP402T. 

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Theory)

45 Hours
Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure,
chemistry and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity
relationships of drugs, importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of
drugs. The syllabus also emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under each
class.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
1. Understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
2. Understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of
drugs
3. Know the Structural ActivityRelationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
4. Write the chemical synthesis of some drugs
Course Content:
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of
action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective
class of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)

Unit I 10 Hours

Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
History and development of medicinal chemistry
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein
binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.

Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.
Unit II 10 Hours

Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenergic Neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.
Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.
Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of sympathomimetic agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine,
Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline,
Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
 Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine,
Propylhexedrine.
 Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Adrenergic Antagonists:
Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine,
Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide.
Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*, Metibranolol,
Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetolol, Carvedilol.

Unit III 10 Hours

Cholinergic neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine,
Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible): Physostigmine,
Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine hydrochloride,
Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathione, Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.
Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents
Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine sulphate,
Scopolamine hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide*.
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride,
Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline
bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine
hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide,
Ethopropazine hydrochloride.

Unit IV 08 Hours

Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
A. Sedatives and Hypnotics:
Benzodiazepines: SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Oxazepam,
Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes: SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital, Amobarbital,
Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital.
60
Miscelleneous: Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol.
Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
B. Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines- Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine
hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride,
Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride.
Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene,
Loxapine succinate, Clozapine.
Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride.
Benzamides: Sulpieride.
C. Anticonvulsants: SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant action.
Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital.
Hydantoins: Phenytoin*, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin.
Oxazolidine diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione.
Succinimides: Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide*
Urea and monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine*
Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam.
Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid , Gabapentin, Felbamate

Unit V 07 Hours

Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
General anesthetics:
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane,
Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium,
Thiopental sodium.
Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine,
Meperidine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride,
Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene
hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate, Naloxone
hydrochloride.
Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*,
Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac,
Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine,
Phenylbutazone.

BP406P.

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Practical)

4 Hours/Week
 I Preparation of drugs/ intermediates
1 1,3-pyrazole
2 1,3-oxazole
3 Benzimidazole
4 Benztriazole
5 2,3- diphenyl quinoxaline
6 Benzocaine
7 Phenytoin
8 Phenothiazine
9 Barbiturate
II Assay of drugs
1 Chlorpromazine
2 Phenobarbitone
3 Atropine
4 Ibuprofen
5 Aspirin
6 Furosemide
III Determination of Partition coefficient for any two drugs

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Wilson and Giswold’s Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Block
J.H. and Beale J.M., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
2. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Lemke T.L., Williams D.A., Roche
V.F. and Zito S.W., Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
3. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery by Abraham D.J., Vol I to
IV.John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
4. Synthesis of Essential Drugs by Vardanyan R.S. and Hruby V.J., Elsevier.
 5. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Singh H. and Kapoor V.K.,
Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.
 6. Medicinal Chemistry: A Biochemical Approach by Nogrady T., Oxford
University Press, NewYork.
 7. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action by Silverman R.B.,
Elsevier.
 8. Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry by Korolkovas A., John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
New York.
 9. Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery by Larsen P.K., Liljefors T. and
Madsen U., Taylor and Francis Inc.
 10. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann F.G. and Saunders B.C., Orient Longman
Limited.
62
 11. Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry by Furniss B.S., Hannaford
A.J., Smith P.W.G. and Tatchell A. R., Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education Ltd.).
12. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5.
13. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
14. The Chemistry of Organic Medicinal Products by Jenkins G.L., Hartung W.H.,
Hamlin K.E. and Data J.B., PharmaMed Press Hyderabad.

BP 403 T.

PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II(Theory)

45Hours
Scope: The course deals with the various physical and physicochemical properties, and
principles involved in dosage forms/formulations. Theory and practical components of
the subject help the student to get a better insight into various areas of formulation
research and development, and stability studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to
1. Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the
designing the dosage forms
2. Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing nad
determination of expiry date of formulations
3. Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in the formulation
development and evaluation of dosage forms.
Course Content:

Unit I 07 Hours

Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general
characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids &
comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties.
Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.

Unit II 10 Hours

Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature,
non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in
formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers
Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain,
Elastic Modulus

Unit III 10 Hours

Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in
suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and
theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions,
preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion
formulation by HLB method.

Unit IV 10Hours

Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and weight
distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size by different
methods, counting and separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for
determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders,
porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.

Unit V 10 Hours

Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic
rate constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing
the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength,
dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis, Simple numerical problems.
Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation.
Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Photolytic degradation and its prevention

BP 407P.

PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (Practical)

3 Hrs/week
1. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using sieving method
2. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution using Microscopic method
3. Determination of bulk density, true density and porosity
4. Determine the angle of repose and influence of lubricant on angle of repose
5. Determination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer
6. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent
7. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of
single suspending agent
8. Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer
9. Determination of reaction rate constant first order.
10. Determination of reaction rate constant second order
11. Accelerated stability studies

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)

1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition.
2. Experimental pharmaceutics byEugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to
3, Marcel Dekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume
 1,2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by RamasamyC, and Manavalan R.

BP 404 T.

PHARMACOLOGY-I(Theory)

45 Hrs
Scope: The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the living
organisms and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the
information about the drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical
effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
(pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses,
contraindications and routes of administration of different classes of drugs.
Objectives: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
1. Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs
2. Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/
macromolecular levels.
3. Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment of
various diseases.
4. Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments
5. Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences
Course Content:

Unit I 08 hours

1. General Pharmacology
a. Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of
pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of
drug administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non competitive), spare
receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
b. Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs .Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination

Unit II 12 Hours

General Pharmacology
a. Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories
and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions
signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor,
transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding
receptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response
relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying
drug action.
b. Adverse drug reactions.
c. Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)
d. Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase,
preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and
pharmacovigilance.

Unit III 10 Hours

2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on peripheral nervous system
a. Organization and function of ANS.
b.Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters.
c. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
d. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
e. Local anesthetic agents.
f. Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma

Unit IV 08 Hours

3. Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
 a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S. special emphasis on importance of
various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin,
dopamine.
 b. General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
 c. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
 d. Anti-epileptics.
 e. Alcohols and disulfiram.

Unit V 07 Hours

3. Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
 a. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents,
antimanics and hallucinogens.
 b. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
 c. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
 d. Opioid analgesics and antagonists
 e. Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.
68

BP 408 P

. PHARMACOLOGY-I(Practical)

4Hrs/Week
 1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology.
2. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
3. Study of common laboratory animals.
4. Maintenance of laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
5. Common laboratory techniques. Blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation,
anesthetics and euthanasia used for animal studies.
6. Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
7. Study of effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the phenobarbitone sleeping
time in mice.
8. Effect of drugs on ciliary motility of frog oesophagus
9. Effect of drugs on rabbit eye.
10. Effects of skeletal muscle relaxants using rota-rod apparatus.
11. Effect of drugs on locomotor activity using actophotometer.
12. Anticonvulsant effect of drugs by MES and PTZ method.
13. Study of stereotype and anti-catatonic activity of drugs on rats/mice.
14. Study of anxiolytic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
15. Study of local anesthetics by different methods
Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are demonstrated by simulated
experiments by softwares and videos

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology,
Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
2. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc
Graw-Hill.
3. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A.
K., BradleyR.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated ReviewsPharmacology.
6. K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacologywith clinical Applications, byCharles R.Craig& Robert.
9. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company,
Kolkata.
10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. VallabhPrakashan.

BP 405 T.

PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Theory)

45 Hours
Scope: The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification of
crude drugs, their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and their
medicinal properties.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able
1. To know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs.
2. To know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature.
3. Know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs.
4. To carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drugs.
Course Content:

Unit I 10 Hours

Introduction to Pharmacognosy:
(a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy
(b) Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
(c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums
and mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).
Classification of drugs:
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and
sero taxonomical classification of drugs
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin:
Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic,
physical,
chemical and biological methods and properties.
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method,
leafconstants, camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera
lucida.

Unit II 10 Hours

Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin: Cultivation
and Collection of drugs of natural origin
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal
plants. Plant hormones and their applications.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.
Conservation of medicinal plants.

Unit III 07 Hours

Plant tissue culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional
requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
Edible vaccines.
70

 Unit IV 10 Hours

Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine:
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda,
Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides,
Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins.

Unit V 08 Hours

Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing
following drugs.
Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp.
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens.
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation,
evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial utility as Pharmaceutical
Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey.
Proteins and Enzymes: Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain,
serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin).
Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils): Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax.
Marine Drugs: Novel medicinal agents from marine sources

BP408 P.

PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Practical)

4 Hours/Week
1. Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests:
(i)Tragaccanth
(ii) Acacia
(iii) Agar
(iv) Gelatin
(v) starch
(vi) Honey
(vii) Castor oil.
2. Determination of stomatal number and index.
3. Determination of vein islet number, vein islet termination and paliside ratio.
4. Determination of size of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals by eye
piece micrometer.
5. Determination of Fiber length and width.
6. Determination of number of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method.
7. Determination of Ash value.
8. Determination of Extractive values of crude drugs.
9. Determination of moisture content of crude drugs.
10. Determination of swelling index and foaming.

Recommended Books: (LatestEditions)

1. W. C. Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders &
Co.,
London, 2009.
2. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edn., Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
3. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
4. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS
Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
5. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th
Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
6. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New
Delhi.
7. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New
Delhi, 2007.
8. Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae.
9. Anatomy of Crude Drugs by M.A. Iyengar.

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